Perfect Middle and Passive Participle

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Introduction

To form the perfect middle and passive participle, take the perfect stem and add /μένο/ for the masculine and neuter and /μένα/ for the feminine:

          δε/δο/μένο/ς > δεδόμενος

BASE

perfect aspect marker

/μένο/ /μένα/

2-1-2 case markers

The perfect middle participle is athematic. In fact, it is the only middle participle that is athematic. This, it turns out, is sometimes the clearest indication that the aspect of the participle is perfect.

For instance, ἐργασμένος is perfect. The base is ἐργαδ/, whose perfect stem lacks an obvious perfect aspect marker. The athematic formation, however, clearly indicates that the participle is perfect.

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Intermediate

Before /μ-, velar stops (κ, γ, χ) assimilate to γ (pronounced /ŋ/):

          τε/ταγ/μένο/ς > τεταγμένος
          κε/κηρυκ/μένο/ς > κεκηρυγμένος

Before /μ-, labial stops (π, β, φ) fully assimilate to μ:

          λε/λαβ/μένο/ς > λελημμένος
          κε/κλεπ/μένο/ς > κεκλεμμένος

Before /μ-, dental stops (τ, δ, θ) becomes σ <see here for details>:

          ἐ/σκευαδ/μένο/ς > ἐσκευασμένος
          L/ὀνοματ/μένο/ς > ὠνομασμένος